Global+impact+on+migration+process+in+Russia

The territory of Russia has become attractive enough for migrants from less developed countries of Asia and Africa, the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Besides, the part of migrants from "the third world" countries considers the territory of Russia as a staging point, an original transit zone for the further migration to the economically developed countries of the West. In the system of modern global migration processes, Russia became, and will for sure remain in the future, a large host country for two reasons. **The internal reason** – the territory of the country is not densely populated = **The external reason** = - Russia goes through an intensive “population press” from some denselypopulated developing countries of the poor South (China and other countries of Asia, the Central Asian CIS countries). In the absolute volume of immigration Russia has strongly established itself among the leading countries. According to the available data on the international, during 1990, Russia took the second place in the list of the countries actively accepting migrants with a parameter of 13.3 million people arriving. As for the relative index of immigration, Russia took the third place in the world, having accepted 54 immigrants per 10 thousand inhabitants during the period of 1989-2006. media type="youtube" key="98vqoLj92ow" height="315" width="420" The legislative acts in the spheres of migration and citizenship and the internal instructions accepted by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs have recently led to serious disorders in the migration statistics in the country. The "Underwater" part of the “migration iceberg", only partially visible for the modern statistics and researchers, is temporary migration which is connected basically with the labour activity, education, purchase of accommodations and some other reasons. This part finds only indirect recording in the statistics – these are the data of the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs on the number of the recruited foreign workers and the Russians who went abroad to work, and also the data of the passport registration offices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation on residence registration of migrants.
 * Migration in Russia**

According to approximate estimations, there are 9 illegal migrants per 1 legal labour migrant in the Country.



__The Scales of the International Migration for Permanent Residence__ On the whole, the data on the international migration connected with moving for permanent residence to Russia and abroad during the 1990s had a tendency to reduce. The similar dynamics was characteristic of nearly all migration parameters - immigration, emigration, migration growth, and migration circulation at times reduced. The migration growth in Russia reached its peak in 1994. It became possible due to the immigration growth, and the reduction of emigration. Thus, in 1994 in comparison with 1989 the number of immigrants in Russia increased by more than 300 thousand (approximately 50%), and the number of emigrants, on the contrary, reduced approximately by 400 thousand (almost twice) The data on migration circulation prove that the scales of the international migration for permanent residence into Russia are reducing. By the calculations based on the state statistics data, in the period from 1989 till 2008 they reduced by more than 9 times The role of the CIS countries and the Baltic states in the migration exchange is very significant for Russia. Throughout the newest history these countries completely form Russia migration growth.In its absolute value the migration growth of Russia due to the CIS countries and the Baltic States reached its maximum in 1994, when it accounted for more than 900 thousand people. During the same time, the maximal parameter of immigration to Russia from these countries was marked at the level of 1.1 million people. A powerful wave of repatriation of Russians and other nationalities from the recentlyformed countries became the reason for the growth of these parameters after the disintegration of the Soviet Union Therefore, international conflicts arose and developed, and the oppressions of the Russian-speaking population began. These were the ethno-political reasons which defined the formation of a powerful flow of immigrants into Russia in the beginning of the 1990s.
 * __The Migration Exchange of Russia with the CIS Countries and the Baltic States__ **

Gradually a flow of immigrants and as a consequence, the migration growth in Russia in the exchange with the CIS countries and the Baltic States decreased in its absolute value considerably -in 9 and 12 times correspondingly. The decrease is caused not by the exhaustion of the migration potential in these countries, but by the political and socio-economic factors.The emigration from Russia to the CIS countries and the Baltic States also tended to decrease recently- from 690 thousand people in 1989 to approximately 40 thousand in 2004. There are two reasons of the decrease in the migration outflow from Russia to the states of “the new abroad”. The first reason is that the potential of the ethnic migration of the title ethnic groups of the CIS countries and the Baltic States in Russia was nearly exhausted. The second reason is that the controversial social and economic development and the political changes in the CIS countries also partly constrain the migration flow from Russia to these states. Russia has mainly a positive net migration with all CIS countries and the Baltic States, except Belarus. Only in 1990 and 1994-1996, Russia had a positive net migration with Belarus.Other CIS countries serve as migration donors for Russia and provide migrants in various numbers. The largest migration partner of Russia is Kazakhstan. The net migration with this country is positive and reached 1.7 million people for the period of 1989-2003. A large region of the inflow of migrants to Russia from “the new abroad” is the Central Asia where many states were involved into international conflicts, civil wars, and had an unstable social and economic situation. Russia received in total 1.6 million people from this region during 1989-2003, including 779.2 thousand from Uzbekistan, 376.9 thousand from Tajikistan, 138.5 thousand from Turkmenistan, and 376.9 thousand from Kyrgyzstan. The European CIS countries – the Ukraine and Moldova play different roles in the migration exchange with Russia. The Ukraine is the country with a significant parameter of the migration growth which is actively involved in the migration exchange with Russia. During 1989-2006 Russia, got 371.6 thousand people as a pure migration growth from this neighbor. Moldova looks more modest compared to the Ukraine, but, nevertheless, it provided Russia with 98.6 thousand people of a pure migration growth. The largest migration comes from Latvia which is distinguished by a rigid mode of granting the citizenship to the Russian-speaking population. In total the net migration of Russia in the exchange with Latvia was 118.5 thousand people. Estonia provided Russia the migration growth in the volume of 70.7 thousand. Russia received 54.0 thousand people of a pure migration growth from Lithuania. The main "Transcaucasian donors" Azerbaijan and Georgia - gave us approximately 400 thousand people, and Armenia – about 225 thousand. Thus, Transcaucasia is the second CIS region after the Central Asia in the aspect of contribution to the migration growth in Russia. According to our calculations, Russia got more than 1 million migrants of the able-bodied age received due to the CIS countries and the Baltic States during the period of 1997 - 2003. Let us mention the fact that the migration growth of the migrants of the able-bodied age is gradually reducing alongside the scales of the general migration from the countries of “the new abroad” (Figure IV). The able-bodied population prevails in the migration balance of Russia during the recent years, ranging from 61% to 65%. Russia received more than 31.3 thousand migrants with a higher education from “the new abroad” just during 2002-2003, including 47 doctors and 273 candidates of sciences. The countries of the Central Asia formed the migration balance of the highlyqualified specialists approximately by one third, including one half presented by Uzbekistan. Approximately the fifth part of the migration balance of the highly-qualified specialists is a "contribution" of two nearest neighbors- the Ukraine and Kazakhstan. It shows that the CIS countries and the Baltic States became the regions providing Russia with the highly skilled staff due to migration for permanent residence. Today the number of the Russians in the CIS countries is 20 million at the lowest rate. Rather a large Russian diaspora lives in the neighboring Kazakhstan. The research carried out there shows that 1 million people or 20% of the Russians can get over to Russia from that country. The migration potential of the Russians from the Central Asia can account for approximately 500 thousand people, the majority - due to Uzbekistan. Though, an instable situation in a number of countries (for example, in Kyrgyzstan) can increase the outflow of the Russians in the nearest future. The migration potential of the Russians has practically exhausted itself in the countries of Transcaucasia. For example, the number of the Russians in Georgia in 2002 was about 70 thousand that is rather a small figure in the scale of the total migration potential. The general migration potential of the Russians and title ethnic groups from the territory of the CIS countries in medium-term prospect can make up no more than 3-4 million people. The annual amount will be approximately 350-400 thousand. Whether these migrants will be focused on Russia and prefer to stay here or to leave for other countries for residing, in many respects will depend on the social and economic situation in Russia and on the liberal views of the Russian migration policy. The given migration potential can not satisfy all the needs of Russia in migrants. Moreover, now the real actions on the simplification of the procedure of obtaining the Russian citizenship are necessary to attract the Russians living in the CIS countries. media type="youtube" key="-Ch4FLp8GcE" height="315" width="420" The emigration from Russia to the countries of “the old abroad” is characterized by the "brain drain". In 1993 every fifth emigrant had a higher education that almost by one and a half times outnumbered the share of people with the same educational level in Russia. Now the "brain drain" proceeds (about 19% of people leaving Russia in 2003 had a higher education, including 7 doctors and 31 candidates of sciences).The highly-qualifiedspecialists in the spheres of space technologies, applied and theoretical physics, computer and high chemical technologies, biochemistry and microbiology, genetics and mathematics have been actively emigrating abroad during the recent years. The Russian programmers have also been actively involved in the emigration flow lately. By many western countries Russia is considered as a source of updating their highly-qualified personnel. For example, Germany in 2004 started the realization of a large-scale program aimed at the recruitment of about 100 thousand of computer experts from Russia. The ideas of increasing the quotas for foreign experts are also being discussed in the USA. According to the Russian sources, the number of Russian scientists working abroad is estimated at 30 thousand, including 14-18 thousand in fundamental sciences According to the data of FMS of Russia, the majority of gustarbeiters (67%) in 2003 worked under the contracts between Russian juridical persons and the individuals (i.e. had quite stable contracts), and the rest were employed by foreign juridical persons for short-term jobs with a definite volume of works in the framework of the realization of contractor’s agreements. The number of people employed by Russian individuals is also gradually rising. If in 2000 it was 1.8%, the figure was 4.6% (or 17.1 thousand) of gustarbeiters in 2003. Among the foreign workers people with low and average qualification prevail. The structure of foreign workers employment shows that the main spheres, attractive for gustarbeiters are building, industry and agriculture. Moreover, there is a kind of a “specialization” of gustarbeiters from different countries in definite spheres of employment. As some studies show, builders and repair men, industrial workers and transport workers come mostly from the Ukraine. Labour migrants from Azerbaijan, China and Vietnam are mainly attracted into trade sphere. Immigrants from China work in agriculture. Among the gustarbeiters from Moldova drivers and builders are predominant now. Workers from Turkey are involved in building and are employed in agriculture. Labour migrants engaged in crediting, financing, insurance, audit, commerce and top-management come mostly from the countries of “the old abroad” (the USA, European countries). The segments of the market where the immigrants from abroad are employed according to ethnic-territorial principle are developing in Russia. Labour migration from the countries of Transcaucasia is also quite massive. Approximately 800 thousand - 1.5 million Armenian citizens work outside the country which makes up no less than a quarter of the population of the country. The most required specialists abroad are Russian specialists with specialized secondary professional education which makes up approximately 40-50% of all people who went to work abroad under contracts. Russian workers with a higher education make up about one third of the migration flow abroad. From the point of view of the professional structure market the most required category of employees on the international labour are the Russians having working skills qualification (first of all connected with fishery and navigation) who make up half of the whole migration flow. About a quarter of all people employed under contracts abroad are experts in technical sphere or the spheres of art and culture.